http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/. We found that M. persicae colonizes nine divergent plant species, indicating that it is a true generalist, unlike many other aphid species that have specialized to colonize a few plant species. A second application of soap or oils may be necessary after 3-4 weeks. reared at 30 ºC We performed analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) with the Bray–Curtis dissimilarity to assess differences in the symbiont and secondary symbiont community compositions. 2016YFE0203100), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. J Insect Physiol 45:1–6. However, such PCR-based detection techniques are limited in that they depend on prior knowledge of symbiont diversity. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:4069–4075. Individual aphid species generally exhibit symbiont variation at the population level. Bailey PT. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12425, Chen R, Su X, Chen J, Jiang L, Qiao GX (2019) Wolbachia infection in two species: novel views on the colonization ability of Wolbachia in aphids. PubMed  31620103916, 31772492), the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. Insect Molecular Biology 35, 249-256. High-throughput sequencing can be helpful for Spiroplasma detection (e.g., Xu et al. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. S.X. Photos 1-6 Mani Mua, Sigatoka Research Station, Fiji. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021831, Tsuchida T, Koga R, Fukatsu T (2004) Host plant specialization governed by facultative symbiont. J Bacteriol 186:6626–6633. All COI sequences were deposited in GenBank under accession numbers MT127004–MT127095. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.7.2748-2758.2000, CAS  https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.20347, Magoč T, Salzberg SL (2011) FLASH: fast length adjustment of short reads to improve genome assemblies. The ordination analyses and statistical tests based on both the OTU and ASV data sets suggested that host plant and geography contributed little to the community structures of symbionts and secondary symbionts in M. persicae. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12031, Montllor CB, Maxmen A, Purcell AH (2002) Facultative bacterial endosymbionts benefit pea aphids Acyrthosiphon pisum under heat stress. UF/IFAS, University of Florida (http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/veg/aphid/green_peach_aphid.htm). All treatments showed highly significant effects on the mortality of the aphid when applied as filtrate or conidia. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-019-01435-2, Blackman RL, Eastop VF (2020) Aphids on the world’s plants. ISME J 14:259–273. The abbreviations of geographic regions are provided in Table S2. [25] and the present study), and quantitative real-time PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) are certainly needed for its further precise detection. The distances among sampling sites were calculated with Geographic Distance Matrix Generator v1.2.3 [43]. This allows high levels of survival in areas with inclement weather, and favors ready transport on plant material. Furthermore, no significant isolation by distance (IBD) relationship was detected between population genetic differentiation and geographic distance (r = 0.142, P = 0.067). Evolution 66:375–390. Finally, the capacity of the three omnivorous predators to reduce Myzus persicae on heavily infested plants was determined in semi-field conditions. 3b, e, Table 2). https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2002.01606.x, Simon JC, Carré S, Boutin M, Prunier-Leterme N, Sabater-Muñoz B, Latorre A, Bournoville R (2003) Host-based divergence in populations of the pea aphid: insights from nuclear markers and the prevalence of facultative symbionts. [27] and were also detected in our samples at low infection frequencies. The raw reads with an average quality score below 20 in a 50-bp sliding window were trimmed using Trimmomatic v0.33 [33], and reads shorter than 300 bp were removed. Similar to the wingless adults, except in size useful to attract syrphids work by blocking breathing... A second application of soap ) and clustering orders of magnitude faster than.. 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