This gene comes in two versions, according to Nature. The CYP1A2 gene encodes a member of the cytochrome p450 family of proteins, which metabolize nutrients and drugs. Certain drugs should be used with caution and patients may need to have their doses of some medications adjusted. 'Performance' dips in 1 in 10 of us. For CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, similar problems arise concerning Citalopram. A polymorphism of the gene coding for CYP1A2, the enzyme responsible for 95% of caffeine metabolism, may potentially divide the population into ‘slow’ and ‘fast’ caffeine metabolisers 16,17. Turns out I am a poor metabolizer for 2D6, which explained my adverse reactions to the Beta blockers and tricyclic antidepressants. Now what? Long-PCR assays for detection of alleles with duplicate CYP2D6 genes.. A genetic test can tell you whether you’re a slow or fast metabolizer and it’s currently available. For example, smoking will induce CYP1A2, which will speed up the metabolism of caffeine. Your genes determine if you are a 'fast' caffeine metabolizer who can drink 4 cups of coffee per day without a problem or a 'slow' caffeine metabolizer who can't handle more than one cup. However, bear in mind that the lethal dose is 2 grams of caffeine per day. Researchers have discovered a caffeine gene that regulates whether people are slow or fast metabolizers of caffeine. Get your genetic test from 23andMe: https://refer.23andme.com/s/wgt3f Important studies mentioned in video: 1. However, for the fast metabolizers, coffee correlated with a lower risk for heart attacks. Two variants of the gene exist: the CPA1A2*1A allele results in fast caffeine metabolism, while the CPA1A2*1F allele results in slower caffeine metabolism. In my genotype, *2xN the N stands for the number of alleles and could be anywhere from 2 copies up to 13 (that they know of.) You may be a fast metabolizer of the caffeine, you may be a slow metabolizer of the extra epinephrine and norepinephrine that the caffeine helped release. If you are AA, you’re a fast metabolizer. The information obtained from the genetic testing allowed my specialist to tailor medication doses to my metabolism, allowing me to use drugs we had previously thought I could not tolerate. CYP1A2 I wonder if the slow-metabolisers of a cup of coffee (caffeine) know who they are? One well known substrate of CYP1A2 is caffeine. Ultrarapid metabolizer – multiple copies of the CYP2D6 gene are expressed, and therefore greater-than-normal CYP2D6 function. Increased risk of heart attack by 36%. A meta-analysis looked at the association between habitual coffee intake and CYP1A2 polymorphism that splits the population into fast caffeine metabolisers and slow caffeine metabolisers 43 . Metabolizer Phenotype Enzyme Activity ; Normal Metabolizer: A normal-metabolizing enzyme may generally break down standard doses of a drug. How Being a Poor, Intermediate, Rapid, or Ultra Rapid Metabolizer can Impact Your Medication Outcomes. Caffeine is metabolized in the body by the enzyme Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) in the liver. The Bottom Line Based on the available research, coffee seems to have health benefits and may even lower the risk of heart disease – but this isn’t universally the case. Patients m51 and m52 have a CYP2D6 gene duplication; patients m46 and m50 do not carry duplicate genes.Lanes 2–5 show the results of DNA amplification using primer pair cyp-17f/cyp-32r in samples m46, m50, m51, and m52, successively. Once on the search results page, find the rs762551 SNP. The CYP1A2 gene controls the activity of the cytochrome P450 1A2 enzyme, which is responsible for nearly all of our metabolic processing of caffeine. Thirty-seven participants (19-50 years old) took place in the study and were categorized according to i) genotype: CYP1A2 (AA) "fast metabolizer", and CYP1A2 (AC) "slow metabolizer"; ii) physical activity level: sedentary (S) and physically active (A); and iii) caffeine consumption level: non-habitual caffeine consumer (NC) and habitual heavy caffeine consumer (C). Slow metabolizers have a greater risk for hypertension and heart attack when they drink more than 2 cups per day on a regular basis. * Caffeine Intake Amount. (10-12) Homozygous CYP1A2*1A - Fast Metabolizer; Risks/Benefits. In this issue, we will discuss CYP2D6?an enzyme that is involved in the metabolism of numerous drugs. Does not increase heart attack risk. In the mid-1980s, slow and fast metabolizer phenotypes were reported based on the metabolism of the chemical carcinogen acetylaminofluorene in a panel of human liver microsomal preparations. One well known substrate of CYP1A2 is caffeine; individuals who carry one or more CYP1A2*1C alleles are "slow" caffeine metabolizers, whereas carriers of the variant CYP1A2*1F are "fast" caffeine metabolizers.The same amount of caffeine will therefore tend to have … This gene encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. CYP2D6 also is involved in the activation of some drugs, so these drugs may have reduced efficacy when patients with inadequate CYP2D6 activity take them. Intermediate Metabolizer: An intermediate-metabolizing enzyme is considered to be less active. According Cornelis et al. There are more technical explanations of course. Therefore, caffeine will be metabolized (broken down) faster in a smoker than a non-smoker, which can lead the person to feel that the caffeine did not have much of an effect on their body. a person who is a fast metabolizer of caffeine can drink up to 6 cups of coffee a day and have no effects. It doesn't break down a drug as completely as a normal metabolizer, which means you might require a lower dose. The gene also plays a role in regulating an infant’s weight during the pregnancy of a woman, and this has a link with caffeine intake. Variations in the CYP1A2 gene have a big impact on how caffeine affects our bodies. Ultrarapid Metabolizer (UM) – This means there are two copies of a CYP2C19 gene with increased activity. March 5, 2018 Shari Basch. rs12248560(T) defines the CYP2C19*17 allele, an ultra fast metabolizer phenotype of the CYP2C19 gene.. CYP2C19*17 is likely to lead to less effective drug treatment by, for example, proton pump inhibitors (such as omeprazole) and antidepressants. Bonus Tip: Mold in coffee can also cause excitability in those who are sensitive. The C allele is considered the wild-type, even though it is the rarer allele in most populations. CYP1A2 genotype should be considered when deciding whether … 1-2 cups (200 mg)/day. For example, if a particular CYP450 variation makes someone a rapid metabolizer of a drug, he or she may process it so fast that the drug won’t have a chance to reach optimal blood levels, leading to limited amounts of drug that can act on the patient’s system. It codes for an enzyme that helps break down caffeine. We have a liver enzyme that is responsible for metabolizing caffeine (CYP1A2). AA = CYP1A2*1F = Fast Metabolizer. To minimize mold, use single estate and/or single origin beans for your coffee. CYP1A2 is part of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) family of drug metabolizing enzymes. If you are heterozygous, A/C at the CYP1A2 gene you would be considered “wild type”, what the general population carries, and a normal metabolizer. In the far right column, it will give your variant of that SNP. The function of this CYP will likely be diminished to such a degree that the person will convert from an Intermediate Metabolizer into a Poor Metabolizer. If you are a fast metabolizer (with an ‘AA’ genotype), you are unlikely to get nervous or anxious after drinking coffee [R].You are also more likely to benefit from caffeine as an athletic performance booster [R]!But more importantly, drinking coffee may actually protect you against developing high blood pressure (hypertension) and heart disease [R, R]. CYP1A2 is the key liver enzyme (special proteins that breakdown and use other substances) responsible for metabolizing caffeine. If you can drink coffee without feeling any jittery feelings, you are a fast metabolizer and … If you’ve done 23andme, log in, go to “My account,” select “Browse raw data,” and type “CYP1A2” into the “Jump to a gene” search box. [ PMID 16413245] . Let’s look at CYP1A2 in table 4. ... 18850169] but this is still an over-simplification since as mentioned above the fast metabolizer phenotype for rs762551AA is only observed under induction by smoking or high habitual coffee intake. People with one or two copies of CYP1A2 (a.k.a. Alternatively, some drugs such as Plavix convert into their active drug state through CYP2C19. The CYP1A2 gene encodes a member of the cytochrome p450 family of proteins, which metabolize nutrients and drugs. If you are A/A homozygous at the CYP1A2 gene you would be considered a fast metabolizer of certain drugs as well as caffeine. kg in those with the CC genotype. In previous issues of Pharmacy Times we have discussed the cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes CYP1A2, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19. extensive metabolizer – normal CYP2D6 function ultrarapid metabolizer – multiple copies of the CYP2D6 gene are expressed, so greater-than-normal CYP2D6 function occurs A patient's CYP2D6 phenotype is often clinically determined via the administration of debrisoquine (a selective CYP2D6 substrate) and subsequent plasma concentration assay of the debrisoquine metabolite (4-hydroxydebrisoquine). The gene, known as CYP1A2, is also used by genetic testing firms to predict a person's risk of nonfatal heart attack. This protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and hydroxylates steroids at the 21 position. And for those of you who are also interested in the technical aspects, the relevant genes are the AHR and CYP1A2 genes. Fast Metabolizers. 2-3 cups (300 mg)/day. A variant at the CYP1A2 gene can determine whether an individual is a fast or slow metabolizer of caffeine, and this has some effect on the blood pressure and cardiovascular health of an individual. I have the results of my patient’s CYP1A2 test. Therefore, you may be a fast or slow caffeine metabolizer based on your CYP1A2 genetics. The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases which catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids. Apparently, there is an enzyme in the liver that metabolizes caffeine, p450 1A2 (CYP1A2) and it works differently in different people. CC, AC = CYP1A2*1C = Slow Metabolizer. CYP1A2 is a gene. Risks/Benefits for SLOW metabolizers. This CYP has only one functioning allele, which is inhibited by citalopram. On the other hand, cancer patients who are CYP2C19*17 carriers are more likely to benefit from tamoxifen treatment, … I needed about 1/4 the dose of a “normal” person. Using the metabolism of caffeine as a marker of activity in vivo, several investigators demonstrated high interindividual and interethnic variability in CYP1A2 activity. This explains why some people can drink more coffee or tea than others. 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